# Using color palettes

#### Hansjoerg Neth

#### 2025-09-02

This vignettes shows how to use the color palettes included in the unicol R package. (See the All color palettes vignette for an overview of the palettes included in the package.)

We install or load the unicol package to get started:

    # install.packages('unicol')  # install unicol from CRAN client
    library('unicol')             # load the package

Loading the unicol package automatically makes the color functions of the required unikn package available.

## Using colors in base R

Task: Using unicol colors in visualizations created by base R graphics.

The unicol color palettes are typically provided as named vectors of color objects. Thus, when creating base R visualizations (e.g., using `plot()` for creating a scatterplot), we can directly use a color palette as the `col` argument.

For instance, let’s assume we wanted to create a bar chart using the color palette `uni_bonn_2` (of the University of Bonn, Germany):

    # View color palette:
    unikn::seecol(uni_bonn_2, main = "Color gradient of the University of Bonn, Germany")

We can simply provide the color palette to the `col` argument of the `barplot()` function:

    # Use a color palette:
    barplot(1/sqrt(1:10), col = uni_bonn_2)

In case we want to modify a color palette (e.g., change its number of colors or add transparency) before using it, we can do so by using the `usecol()` function of the unikn package before providing the modified palette as the `col` argument of an R graphics function. The following examples illustrate both of these alternatives.

    # View color palette:
    unikn::seecol(caltech_1, main = "The colors of Caltech, USA")

1. Directly using a color palette (e.g., the color palette `caltech_1`):

    plot(x = runif(99), y = runif(99), type = "p",
         pch = 16, cex = 4,
         col = caltech_1,
         main = "99 dots (in Caltech colors)", axes = FALSE, xlab = NA, ylab = NA)

2. Using a transformed color palette (after using the `usecol()` function of the unikn package for resizing and adding transparency to the palette):

    my_col <- unikn::usecol(caltech_1, alpha = .60)  # with transparency

    plot(x = runif(99), y = runif(99), type = "p",
         pch = 16, cex = 4,
         col = my_col,
         main = "99 transparent dots", axes = FALSE, xlab = NA, ylab = NA)

## Using colors in ggplot2

Task: Using unicol colors in visualizations created by the ggplot2 package.

When using the `ggplot()` function of ggplot2 (e.g., for creating an area plot), we wrap the color palette in the `usecol()` function (of the unikn package) for defining a color palette (of the desired length and transparency). The resulting color palette can then be provided as the `values` of ggplot2’s `scale_color_manual()` or `scale_fill_manual()` functions:

1. Wrap the desired color palette in the `usecol()` function of unikn.

2. Provide this palette as the `values` of the ggplot2 functions `scale_color_manual()` or `scale_fill_manual()`.

    # 0. Create some data to plot: ----

    # Example based on https://r-graph-gallery.com/137-spring-shapes-data-art/
    n <- 50
    groups <- 1:n
    df <- data.frame()

    set.seed(3)

    for (i in seq(1:30)){
      data = data.frame(matrix(0, n, 3))
      data[, 1] <- i
      data[, 2] <- sample(groups, nrow(data))
      data[, 3] <- prop.table(sample(c(rep(0, 100), c(1:n)), nrow(data)))
      df = rbind(df, data)}

    names(df) <- c("X","Group","Y")
    df$Group <- as.factor(df$Group)
    df <- df[c(2, 1, 3)]
    df <- df[order(df$X, df$Group) , ]
    rownames(df) <- NULL

    my_data <- df

    # # View data (as wider table):
    # my_data_wider <- tidyr::pivot_wider(my_data, names_from = Group, names_prefix = "g_", values_from = Y)
    # knitr::kable(my_data_wider, caption = "Viewing data (in wider format).")

    # 1. Colors: ----

    # A. Using RColorBrewer:
    # library(RColorBrewer)

    # my_pal <- brewer.pal(11, "Paired")
    # my_pal <- colorRampPalette(my_pal)(n)
    # my_pal <- my_pal[sample(c(1:length(my_pal)), size = length(my_pal))]  # randomize

    # B. Using unicol colors:
    library(unicol)

    # Mix a color gradient:
    my_pal <- unikn::usecol(princeton_1, n = 50)
    # my_pal <- my_pal[sample(c(1:length(my_pal)), size = length(my_pal))]  # randomize

    # 2. Plotting (with ggplot2): ----

    library(ggplot2)

    ggplot2::ggplot(my_data, aes(x = X, y = Y, fill = Group)) +
      geom_area() +
      scale_fill_manual(values = my_pal) +
      theme_void() +
      theme(legend.position = "none")

## Resources

See the Color recipes vignette (of the unikn package) for solving color-related tasks like:

- Viewing and comparing color palettes
- Finding similar colors
- Finding colors by name
- Getting shades of a color
- Creating color gradients
- Creating new color palettes

## Vignettes

The following vignettes provide an overview of and examples for using the unicol color palettes:

Nr. | Vignette | Content
--- | --- | ---
1. | All color palettes | The color palettes of the unicol R package
2. | Using color palettes | Recipes for using the unicol color palettes